Vacuum n-gun n rawng ai hka htung
Product: Steam, n-gun ja ai -sau hte lamu ga npu na hka htung ni a matu lahkawng lang -bunghku n-gun n rawng ai hka htung
Katsi ai: 400℃du hkra k-manu n law ai hka htung katsi ai hpe shayawm kau lu na matu daw jau ai lam
Arung arai hte tsang: N80–Q125 tsang ni hta API 5CT n-gang n-gang ai hka htung
2-7/8"×1.9" kaw nna 7"×5-1/2", R2/R3, n-gun n rawng ai pup joint ni nga ai
Quality: Joint vacuum- shagu hpe chyam dinglik ai, NDT + thermal chyam dinglik ai hte hkan tam mai ai masat da ai laika ni hpe hkum tsup hkra galaw ai
Steam-injection (sh) geothermal project shagu gaw, npu kaw na sau hpe n-gun ja ai steam de galai shai na matu gumhpraw law law jai lang ra ai. Hpa majaw nga yang, n-gun atsam kaba langai mi gaw, yu hkrat wa ai shaloi sum mat ai: hka htung a quality hkrat sum mat ai, sau gaw n-gun n rawng ai sha nga nga ai, wax hte scale ni law wa ai, casing gaw katsi mat nna, permafrost hta, hka htung grup yin na ga gaw hka lim hpang wa chye ai. Operator ni ndai shara de du wa ai shaloi, ga san gaw "more steam?" rai tim "ahkyak ai shara hta katsi ai hpe gara hku tawn da na kun?"
Octal Pipe an-gun n rawng ai hka htung, ngu nna mung shamying ma ai.n-gun n rawng ai hka htung (VIT), hpe ndai hka htung ni a matu hkrak sha galaw da ai. Joint langai hpra gaw kata na galaw shapraw ai hka htung hte shinggan na htaw sa ai hka htung lawm ai double-wall assembly re. Dai annulus hpe -hpaji rawng ai insulation hte hpring nna, n-gun ja ai vacuum de htawt sit kau ai, nhtoi htoi ai layers hte getters ni hpe lang nna, n-gun rawng ai, n-gun rawng ai hte n-gun rawng ai hpe aten langai hta sha pat shingdang lu ai. Bare tubing hte shingdaw yu yang, anhte a VIT string gaw grau tsaw ai npu-htu hka n-gun hpe jaw ya lu ai, annulus nbung n-gun yawm ai hte meter mi hta grau kaji ai nbung n-gun hpe jaw ya lu ai.
API 5CT tubing grade ni rai nga ai N80, L80 hte P110 ni hta BTC (sh) premium gas-n-gun ja ai matut mahkai lam ni hte gawgap da ai, Octal 100.shawng -hkum pat da ai hka htungstandard OCTG hparan ai arung arai ni hte galaw mai ai, raitim, n-gun ja ai-sau n-gun dat bang ai, panglai hkin-gau hta n-gun ja ai-sau htu shapraw ai, permafrost hka htung ni hte high-enthalpy geothermal bungli masing ni a matu ra ai thermal performance hpe jaw ya ai.
Octal n-gun n rawng ai hka htung gara hku bungli galaw ai
Octal n-gun n rawng ai hka htung hpe .lahkawng lang-bunghku hpe madung tawn ai pipe sumri. Joint langai hpra hta kaji ai .kata na hka htungdai gaw hka htung ntsin ni hpe htaw nna, grau kaba aishinggan hka htungdai gaw zuphpawng hpe makawp maga ya ai. Dai hka htung lahkawng hpe lahkawng maga de weld galaw nna, sealed .annular n-gun n rawng ai sharashan lahkawng a lapran. Hka htung kata na joint ni hpe API BTC (sh) premium threaded couplings ni hte matut da ai majaw, hkum tsup ai string gaw standard tubing zawn sha hkawm sa ai.
Dai thermal design gaw yawng hpe daw kau ai hta madung tawn ai.npawt nhpang katsi- htawt sit ai ladat masum – n-gun htawt sit ai, n-gun htawt sit ai hte nhtoi htoi ai – annulus kata:
- Nhtoi htoi ai hpe pat shingdang na matu aluminum nlung
Infrared radiation hpe katsi ai kata na hka htung de bai nhtang wa shangun na matu, nhtoi htoi tu ai aluminum foil hpe annulus kata de shinggrup da ai. Ndai lam gaw nbung katsi ai shara hta radiant heat sum ai lam hpe grai shayawm ya lu ai.
- N-gun n-gun hpe hkang na matu pat shingdang ai arung arai
Kata hte shinggan pipe lapran na shara hpe n-gun n law ai -n-gun n-gun n-rawng ai (perlite powder (sh) ultra-kaja ai glass wool zawn re ai) hte hpring hkra galaw da ai. Ndai lam gaw annulus a nbung n-gun hpe jat ya nna, conductive heat flow hpe pat shingdang ya ai.
- Vacuum hte getters ni gaw nbung laru hpe pat shingdang na matu
Hpungdim ngut ai hpang, annulus hpe vacuum kaba de htawt sit nna, ngam ai nbung ni hpe matut manoi hkap la lu ai getters ni hpe bang da ai. Gas n nga mat sai daram rai nna, annulus kata na convective heat transfer hpe hkrak sha yeng seng kau ya lu ai.
- Hkamja lam a matu kata na n-gup hpe pre-stress tsi lajang ai
Hpang jahtum na welding garai n galaw shi yang, kata na pipe hpe hkang lu ai pre-stress hpe jaw da ai, dai hku nna welding galaw ai shaloi hte field galaw ai shaloi thermal expansion hte contraction byin wa ai majaw, n kaja ai ngam nga ai stress ni hpe n byin shangun ai. Ndai lam gaw, katsi ai hte katsi ai aten law law hta, weld zone hte joint ting hpe jak hte shim lum hkra galaw ya ai.
Ndai lahkawng lang-pipe hkrang hpe 1 hte hpawng de ai hku nna.nhtoi htoi ai hpe makawp maga ya ai, ngang kang ai n-gun hpe pat shingdang ya ai, n-gun kaba ai vacuum hte kata na -tube pre-stress, Octal insulated tubing gaw hka htung makau kaw na katsi ai hpe shayawm kau ya ai sha n-ga, chye da ai OCTG hka htung n-gang zawn, jak hte galaw ai lam hpe naw galaw nga ai.
Engineering hta ahkyak ai lam langai gaw, nbung n-gun hpe n-gun shayawm ai arung arai ni sha n-gun dat ai lam hpe dawdan ai. Hkai sun magam bungli hta, katsi ai lam hpe annulus a ngang grin ai lam, jahtum-weld a hkam kaja lam hte joint-area katsi ai lam hpe hkang ai lam ni a majaw grai hkra machyi ai. Dai majaw, pre-stressed insulated tubing gaw, n-gun n rawng ai n-gun n rawng ai n-gun n rawng ai n-gun n rawng ai n-gun rawng ai n-gun rawng ai hka htung ni hta grau nna ahkyak nga ai.
Madung jai lang ai lam ni – Octal Insulated Tubing hpe gara kaw jai lang ai
| Laika shawk shawn ai lam | Bungli galaw ai hta yak hkak ai lam | Octal n-gun n rawng ai hka htung gaw gara hku karum ya ai |
|---|---|---|
| Sung ai-hka / panglai hkin-gau n-gun ja ai-sau hka htung ni | Katsi ai ntsin ni kaw na katsi ai gaw casing annuli de htawt sit wa nna, shingbyi nga ai annulus pressure hpe gawgap ya nna, lung wa ai lam hta sau kaba hpe katsi shangun ai. | Vacuum n-gun n rawng ai hka htungannulus kata de katsi ai hpe dawm kau ya ai, annulus a n-gun hpe ngang grin hkra galaw ya ai hte shapraw ai ntsin ni hpe grau katsi hkra galaw ya ai, n-gun ja ai-sau hpe n-gun grau ja hkra n-gun n-jaw ai sha shamu shamawt lu ai atsam hpe jat ya ai. |
| Hydrate-hkam sha chye ai gas hka htung ni & hydrate byin pru wa ai lam ni | Shut-in (sh) low-rate lwi ai aten hta, nbung katsi ai lam gaw hka htung kata (sh) hydrate{3}}bearing layers makau kaw methane-hydrate byin pru wa shangun chye ai. | Grau ngang grin ai nbung katsi ai lam gaw hydrate byin pru wa ai hpe jahkring kau ya nna, shim lum ai shut-in window hpe jat ya nna, hka htung lam grup yin hta hydrate-bearing byin pru wa ai hpe makawp maga ya lu ai. |
| Sau kaba a matu hka htung bang ai (SAGD / CSS) | Steam gaw, n-gun n rawng ai hka htung ni hta quality sum mat nna, casing hte cement gaw thermal cycling grai law ai hpe mu lu nna, hka htung n-gun rawng ai lam hpe mu lu ai. | N-gun n rawng ai hka htung (VIT)hka htung de grau katsi ai hka htung de sa ya ai, hka htung hpe casing/cement de shayawm ya ai hte annulus makau hku hka htung n-gun yawm mat ai hte hka htung n-gun yawm wa ai hpe shayawm ya ai. |
| Onshore wax-hpyen nhprang wan sau & lwi ai hpe kam hpa ai lam | Crude gaw tubing string kata kaw katsi mat nna, wax, scale (sh) asphaltene n-gun ni byin wa ai majaw, galaw shapraw ai lam hpe shayawm kau ya nna, chyahkring hkring san seng hkra galaw ra ai. | Insulated tubing gaw katsi ai hpe shayawm ya ai, hka hpe wax zawn re ai nbung katsi ai shara hta grau na aten galu tawn da ya nna, san seng ai-out aten hpe jat ya ai majaw, galaw shapraw ai lam hpe design rate ni hte grau ni htep hkra galaw ya ai. |
| Ga kata na n-gun hte hka n-gun ja ai-hka htung ni | Katsi ai shara ni kaw nna sung ai hka htung ni hte hka htung ni de katsi ai lam sum mat ai majaw, pru wa ai nbung katsi ai lam hte hka htung a akyu hpe shayawm kau ya ai. | Insulation gaw hka htung kata na "short-circuit" katsi ai lam hpe shayawm ya ai majaw, katsi ai lam grau law hkra npu na arung arai ni de du wa nna, ginwang-katsi ai lam (sh) n-gun-hpyen n-gun hpe grau kaja hkra galaw ya ai. |
| Permafrost hte Arctic hka htung ni | Hot injection (sh) galaw shapraw ai string ni gaw hka htung grup yin na permafrost hpe hka ja kau ya lu nna, pad a ngang grin ai lam hte npu na arung arai ni hpe jahten kau ya lu ai. | Octal insulated tubing gaw, hka lum ai kata na hka lwi ai hte shinggan na hka lim ai lapran na nbung hpe pat shingdang ya ai majaw, permafrost a n-gun hpe makawp maga ya lu ai hte hka htung a prat tup npawt nhpang ni hpe makawp maga ya lu ai. |
Dai product family hpe direct-lang ai lam manga hku nna grau nna asan sha chye na la mai ai: n-gun ja ai-sau n-gun hpe bai gram lajang ai lam, sau hte nhprang wan htu ai shara ni hta permafrost n-gun shayawm ai lam hpe pat shingdang ai lam, anti-wax hka htung ni, lamu ga npu na n-gun dat hte wan n-gun shapraw ai lam, hte hka n-gun ja ai-spring hka htung ni. Ndai lam gaw, dai range gaw steam injection hta sha n-nga ai hpe madun dan lu ai; shi hpe hka lum ai-hka hte lamu ga npu na hka lum ai magam bungli hta katsi ai-makawp maga ai lit hte maren mung lata mai ai.
Katsi ai-hka hpawk hka htung ni
Hot-spring rawt jat galu kaba wa na matu, insulated tubing (sh) insulation pipe a manu gaw, katsi ai hpe shayawm na matu sha n-ga, sung ai shara kaw nna pru wa ai shara du hkra grau akyu rawng ai katsi ai hpe lu la na matu mung rai nga ai. Ndai zawn re ai bungli masing ni hta, pru wa ai nbung katsi ai lam grau tsaw ai hte nbung katsi ai hpe grau ngang grin ai hku makawp maga lu ai gaw, hka htung a hpaga lam manu hpe grau kaja hkra galaw ya lu nna, hka htung hpe htaw sa ai shaloi nbung katsi ai lam hpe shayawm ya lu ai.
Size Range hte madung masat masa ni
Model screening hpe loi ai hku galaw na matu, ndai daw hta lawm ai size hte seng ai shiga ni hpe garan nna table group ni hku nna lajang da ai. Shawng na table hta, nbung n-gun dat bang ai, n-gun ja ai-sau shapraw ai hte kaga sau htu ai shara ni hta n-gun dat ai lam ni a matu madung jai lang ai, madang dep ai vacuum insulated tubing size family hpe tsun da ai. Lahkawng ngu na table hpung gaw, cyclic thermal duty a matu, n-gun rawng ai n-gun rawng ai hka htung ni a kaba ai hte n-gun rawng ai grade ni hpe jat bang da ai. Masum ngu na table hta, lamu ga npu na nbung katsi ai-galai shai ai lam hte katsi ai-hka hpawk katsi ai-makawp maga ai magam bungli hta grau nna hkrak lang ai Octal insulation pipe model ni hpe madun da ai. Ndai size dinghku ni hpe garan tawn da ai gaw RFQ hpe bai maram yu na matu loi ai hte, n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun hpe n-gun n-gun n-gun shayawm ai -pipe configurations kaw na, n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun hpe garan ginhka lu na matu karum ya ai.
Octal vacuum insulated tubing hpe sau htu shara hte hka htung-magam bungli ni a matu lawu na hkrang shapraw ai n-gun dinghku hta mai lang ai.
| Size code | Shinggan na hka htung (inch / mm) | Kata na hka htung (inch / mm) | Lama na. lwi ai ID (mm) | Kalang lang matut mahkai ai lam OD (mm) | N-gun (kg/m) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 73 × 40 | 2-7/8" × 5.51 mm bunghku (73.02 mm OD) | 1.9" × 3.68 mm bunghku (48.26 mm OD) | ≈ 40.9 | ≈ 88.9 (BTC / manu jahpu) | ≈ 13.5 |
| 89 × 50 | 3-1/2" × 6.45 mm bunghku (88.9 mm OD) | 2-3/8" × 4.83 mm bunghku (60.32 mm OD) | ≈ 50.7 | ≈ 108 | ≈ 20.5 |
| 114 × 76 | 4-1/2" × 6.88 mm bunghku (114.3 mm OD) | 3-1/2" × 6.45 mm bunghku (88.9 mm OD) | ≈ 76.0 | ≈ 132.1 (BTC) | ≈ 32 |
| 140 × 101 | 5-1/2" × 7.72 mm bunghku (139.7 mm OD) | 4-1/2" × 6.35 mm bunghku (114.3 mm OD) | ≈ 101.6 | ≈ 160 (BTC) | ≈ 43 |
| 178 × 124 | 7" × 9.19 mm bunghku (177.8 mm OD) | 5-1/2" × 7.72 mm bunghku (139.7 mm OD) | ≈ 124.3 | ≈ 200 (BTC) | ≈ 65 |
Hkringhtawng n-gun rawng ai bungli masing ni a matu, n-gun rawng ai hka htung-grade garan ginhka ai lam hte rau, prestressed insulated tubing size family hpe mung mai lang ai. Ndai manu ni hpe thermal-service lata ai lam a matu jat bang ai hku nna, grau nna mari ai ni gaw, bai maram yu ai lahkam langai hta sha, galu kaba ai, matut mahkai envelope, unit a n-gun hte insulation galaw ai lam ni hpe shingdaw ra ai shara ni hta, madang VIT table a lawu hta kaja dik htum madun da ai.
| Hkrang code |
Shinggan na hka htung (inch / mm) | Kata na hka htung (inch / mm) | Hka lwi ai ID / annulus gap hkat ai lam (mm) |
Matut mahkai amyu / OD (mm) |
Unit n-gun (kg/m) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 73 × 40 | 2-7/8" × 5.51 mm bunghku (73.02 mm OD) | 1.9" × 3.68 mm bunghku (48.26 mm OD) | 40.9 / 6.87 | USS / 88.9 | 13.5 |
| 89 × 50 | 3-1/2" × 6.45 mm bunghku (88.9 mm OD) | 2-3/8" × 4.83 mm bunghku (60.32 mm OD) | 50.66 / 7.84 | USS / 108 | 20.5 |
| 114 × 76 | 4-1/2" × 6.88 mm bunghku (114.3 mm OD) | 3-1/2" × 6.45 mm bunghku (88.9 mm OD) | 76 / 5.82 | BTC / 132.1 | 32 |
| 140 × 101 | 5-1/2" × 7.72 mm bunghku (139.7 mm OD) | 4-1/2" × 6.35 mm bunghku (114.3 mm OD) | 101.6 / 4.98 | BTC / 160 | 43 |
| 178 × 124 | 7" × 9.19 mm bunghku (177.8 mm OD) | 5-1/2" × 7.72 mm bunghku (139.7 mm OD) | 124.26 / 9.86 | BTC / 200 | 65 |
Lamu ga kata na nbung hpe katsi shangun ai, lamu ga kata na wan n-gun shapraw ai hte katsi ai-hka htung ni a matu, dai arung arai dinghku hta laksan Octal insulation pipe model dinghku hpe matut nna lawm ai. Ndai hkrang ni hpe shanglawt ai table langai mi hta madun dan ai gaw, lamu ga npu na n-gun hte hka lum ai -hka lang ai lam ni hpe steam-service tubing sizes ni hte n kayau ai sha shingdaw na matu loi ai, mari ai ni hpe katsi ai-makawp maga ai channel hkrang shapraw ai lam hte hkrang lata ai lam a matu grau dan dawng ai npawt nhpang hpe jaw ya ai.
| Hkrang code |
Shinggan na hka htung (OD/WT, mm) | Kata na hka htung (OD/WT, mm) | Bore ID / n-gup magap n-gun (mm) |
Matut mahkai amyu / OD (mm) |
Unit n-gun (kg/m) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 89 × 62 | 89 × 4 | 70 × 4 | 62 / 5.5 | NU / 108 | 15.2 |
| 95 × 62 | 95 × 4.5 | 73.02 × 5.51 | 62 / 6.49 | EU / 108 | 20 |
| 114 × 81 | 114.3 × 5 | 89 × 4 | 81 / 7.65 | BTC / 127 | 22.6 |
| 140 × 100 | 139.7 × 6 | 108 × 4 | 100 / 8.87 | BTC / 154 | 31 |
| 219 × 182 | 219 × 7 | 194 × 6 | 182 / 5.5 | SC / 234 | 66 |
Thermal galaw ai lam masat masa ni
Engineering lata ai lam hpe loi ai hku galaw na matu, Octal insulated tubing hpe law law lang jaw ai.n-gun ja ai madang ni:
- Tsang B- λ ≈ 0.06-0.04 W/(m· degree)
- Tsang C- λ ≈ 0.04-0.02 W/(m· degree)
- Tsang D- λ ≈ 0.02-0.006 W/(m·℃degree )
- Tsang E- λ ≈ 0.006-0.002 W/(m· degree)
Grade grau tsaw wa yang, meter mi hta katsi ai lam yawm wa nna, grau kaja wa na re.lawu -hka htung a n-gun atsamjaw da ai ntsa lam masa a matu. Anhte a engineering hpung gaw, n-gun yawm ai lam hte sung ai lam hpe hkrang shapraw lu ai majaw, shinggyim masha ni a lapran na shai hkat ai lam hpe mu lu na re.shawng -hkum pat da ai hka htunghte na a hka htung hkrang hte maren, tsaw ai-grade Octal VIT hpe mung galaw u.
| Insulation madang | B | C | D | E |
| Katsi ai hpe shalai ya lu ai atsam λ W / (m· madang) |
0.06 > λ >= 0.04 | 0.04 > λ >= 0.02 | 0.02 > λ >= 0.006 | 0.006 > λ >= 0.002 |
Tatut lata la na matu, thermal grade hpe service duty hte rau hti ra ai. Steam-injection hte heavy-oil bungli masing ni hta, nbung n-gun yawm ai ngu ai gaw, hka htung sung ai shara hta nbung n-gun grau kaja ai hte annulus de n ra sharawng ai nbung n-gun n law ai hpe tsun mayu ai. Geothermal hte hot-spring masing ni hta, nbung n-gun yawm ai ngu ai gaw, pru wa ai nbung n-gun grau law nna, npu kaw jai lang mai ai nbung n-gun grau law ai hpe tsun mayu ai. Dai majaw, insulation grade hpe project a n-gun atsam rap ra ai lam hte matut da ra ai, garan tawn da ai catalog nambat hku n mai sawn la ai.
Hka lum ai hkrang shapraw ai lam & k-Octal n-gun n rawng ai hka htung a matu manu dan ai bungli galaw ai lam
Insulated tubing mari ai ni a matu, ahkyak ai ga san ni gaw "nang hta gara size ni nga ai kun?", ngu ai sha n-ga,:
- Ngai a hka htung hta kade daram katsi ai hpe teng sha hkye la lu na kun?
- Design hpe sung ai-hka, hka lim ai (sh) lamu ga ntsa na masa ni a matu kaja dik htum galaw da ai kun?
- Ngai order n galaw shi yang k-value hte nbung katsi ai lam hpe mu lu na kun?
Ndai lam ni hpe htai na matu, Octal gaw .n-gun n rawng ai hka htungengineer galaw da ai ladat hku nna, langai-hpan-yawng hpe htuk manu ai n re.
Practical design bungli hta, insulated tubing hpe OD hku sha n rai, service yaw shada lam, katsi ai lit hte hka htung masa hku nna lata ai. Ndai zawn re ai lam ni hpe bai maram yu ai lam gaw, CSS (sh) SAGD hka htung ni hta hka htung sung ai shara du hkra hka htung a hkamja lam hpe makawp maga na, sung ai-hka shapraw ai hta annulus de katsi ai hpe pat shingdang na, wax-prone onshore hka htung ni hta nbung katsi ai hpe shayawm na, permaservoter shara ni hta hka lim ai shara ni hpe makawp maga na, hka lum-hka hpe daw jau ai. Dai kaw nna, hka htung n-gang hpe insulation grade, annulus vacuum target, madi shadaw ai ladat, matut mahkai ai lam hpe hkang ai lam hte n-gun hpe bai kahtap nna shingjawng ai npu hta daw jau ai lam-asak ra kadawn ai lam ni hku nna lachyum shaleng da ai.
Ndai ladat gaw mari ai ni hpe bungli masing madang hta shingdaw na matu grau jai lang mai ai npawt nhpang jaw ya ai. Tubing hpe size hte thread amyu hku sha shingdaw na malai, lata ai lam hpe myit mada da ai katsi ai lam, npu-hka htung (sh) pru wa ai katsi ai lam, annulus katsi ai lam, hka htung-sung ai shara hte htap htuk ai lam hte gawgap ai lam hpe steam du bang na matu yaw shada ai kun, deep{3shoremal assuramal or,water . heat-makawp maga ai lam ni hpe galaw ai. Dai gaw lawu na daw ni a logic mung rai nga ai: shawng nnan e configuration galaw ai, dai hpang annulus kata na heat-transfer hpe hkang ai, dai hpang k-value hte temperature hpe hkrang shapraw ai, hpang jahtum e service prat hte galu kaba ai lam hpe galaw ai.
1. Hkai sun masa ni hpe hkan nna gram lajang da ai
Octal gaw langai sha galaw na malai, n-gun n rawng ai kata / shinggan pipe concept langai sha hta gawgap da ai insulation configuration law law hpe jaw ya ai. Hka sung ai-hpe shapraw na matu anhte gaw aten galu-hkum hkrang ngang grin ai lam hte grai npu na k-manu ni hpe madung tawn nna annulus nbung katsi ai hte hydrate hkrit tsang lam hpe hkang lu ai; steam project ni a matu (CSS / SAGD) anhte gaw n-gun ja ai-hpyen n-gun hte n-gun n-gun hpe ninghkap lu ai atsam hpe ahkyak shatai ga ai; lamu ga ntsa na hka htung ni hte permafrost hpe makawp maga na matu anhte gaw manu jahpu hte jak rung lit ni hte insulation n-gun hpe rap ra hkra galaw ga ai. Configuration langai hte langai hpe shi a insulation grade, vacuum level hte kata na madi shadaw ai layout ni hku nna masat da ai majaw, VIT string hpe na a field hte shingdaw nna, field hpe tubing hte maren gram lajang mai ai.
2. Annulus kata na nbung laru, nbung laru hte nhtoi htoi ai hpe hkang lu ai
Anhte a hkrang shapraw ai lam ni gaw, kata hte shinggan pipe lapran na katsi ai hpe shayawm na matu ladat masum hpe hpawng de da ai:
- Nbung laru hpe hkang ai– annulus hpe masat da ai vacuum madang de htawt sit kau ai, shing nrai, ra ai shara hta inert gas hte hpring hkra galaw ai majaw, convection hku nna katsi ai hpe htaw sa na matu n law htum ntsin ngam nga ai. Annulus kata na Getters ni gaw hka htung a prat tup ndai masa hpe n-gun jaw ya ai.
- Hkamja lam hpe hkang ai– atsawm sha garan tawn da ai madi shadaw ai lam ni gaw, kata hte shinggan na pipe ni hpe maren mara tawn da ya ai sha n-ga, magri hte matut mahkai ai shara hpe mung shayawm ya ai, n-gun hte nbung katsi ai lam galai shai ai aten hta pyi, insulation gap hpe n-gun jaw ya ai.
- Radiation hpe hkang ai– n-gun n rawng ai hte n-gun n rawng ai layer ni lawm ai multi-layer insulation (MLI system ni hte npawt tara hku bung ai) gaw nbung katsi ai shara hta nhtoi htoi ai nbung hpe shayawm ya lu ai.
Ra ai shara ni hta, 100 grup yin hta insulation hpe jat bang ai.hpawng de ai sharadai majaw matut mahkai lam ni gaw string kata na "hot spots" n byin wa na matu.
3. k-manu hpe madung tawn ai bungli galaw ai lam hte nbung n-gun hpe hkrang shapraw ai lam
Thermal galaw ai lam hpe 1 hku nna tsun dan ai.k-manu(BTU/hr·ft·℃F (sh) W/m·℃hku nna katsi ai hpe sum mat ai ). Octal insulated tubing hpe k-value band law law hta lu mai ai, grai n-gun n law ai hka n-gun pru na matu galaw da ai sung ai-hka madang kaw nna, grau tsaw ai-k raitim, n-gun n law ai lamu ga ntsa magam bungli a matu sut masa lam grau law ai madang ni du hkra.
Project bungli a matu, anhte a engineering hpung gaw:
- lata la ai n-gun n rawng ai hka htung hkrang masa a matu k-manu ni hpe sawn la u,
- ka gat ainbung katsi ai - hte - sung ai hkrang masa nina a laksan hka htung geometry a matu, hte
- "htunghking hku lang ai hka htung hte n-gun n rawng ai hka htung" shing nrai "mid-grade vs high-grade VIT" zawn re ai mabyin masa ni hpe shingdaw yu u.
Ndai gaw lawu na-hka htung a hka n-gun, casing/annulus a n-gun hte ntsa kaw na pru wa ai n-gun hpe asan sha mu lu shangun ainrai shi yangnang gaw string design langai hpe ga sadi jaw ai.
Lawu na asan sha shingdaw ai table gaw, n bung ai npu-hka htung nbung n-gun masa ni hta, n-gun yawm ai nbung n-gun (thermal conductivity) hte grau law ai nbung n-gun-shaw la lu ai atsam hte gara hku matut mahkai nga ai hpe madun da ai.
| Kahtet hpe htawt sit lu ai atsam [W/(m·K)] |
Lama na. katsi ai-shaw ai atsam degree (kW) hta |
Lama na. katsi ai-shaw ai atsam degree (kW) hta |
Lama na. katsi ai-shaw ai atsam degree (kW) hta |
Lama na. katsi ai-shaw ai atsam degree (kW) hta |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.02 | ≈ 520 | ≈ 565 | ≈ 610 | ≈ 650 |
| 0.05 | ≈ 455 | ≈ 495 | ≈ 535 | ≈ 575 |
| 0.10 | ≈ 405 | ≈ 440 | ≈ 475 | ≈ 505 |
| 0.20 | ≈ 350 | ≈ 380 | ≈ 410 | ≈ 440 |
| 0.40 | ≈ 300 | ≈ 325 | ≈ 350 | ≈ 375 |
Ndai engineering logic langai sha, lamu ga npu na n-gun hte hka n-gun ja ai -hka hpe jai lang ai lam ni de mung jat wa ai. Downhole thermal-channel ngu ai myit masa masum hpe Scheme A, B hte C ngu nna lachyum shaleng da ai.Scheme A gaw, kaja ai hku n-gun n rawng ai hka htung hpe madi madun ai, dai shara hta katsi ai hpe grau law hkra hkap la nna, katsi ai hpe shinggyin tawn da ai daw hta sum mat ai. Scheme B gaw, lamu ga npu na n-gun hpe jai lang ai lam hpe grau kaja hkra galaw na matu, daw langai mi hpe insulation galaw ai. Scheme C gaw grau hkum tsup ai downhole heat-makawp maga ai lam hpe gawgap ya ai majaw, lamu ga npu na n-gun hpe grau nna jai lang lu na matu, grau nna grau tsaw ai-n-gun rawng ai hka htung ni hta. Ndai lam gaw ahkyak ai, hpa majaw nga yang, pipe lata ai lam hpe tubing size hte sha n-ga, system heat-makawp maga ai lam hte matut mahkai ya ai majaw re.
Kaga jai lang ai lam langai gaw, hka htung makau kaw grau akyu rawng ai lamu ga n-gun hpe makawp maga na matu, casing hte center-pipe lajang ai lam ni hpe jai lang nna, coaxial heat-galai shai ai lam rai nga ai. Geothermal heating hte power-generation project ni a matu, lata ai lam gaw, OD hte thread amyu sha n rai, pru wa ai nbung katsi ai lam, shinggrup ai lam, single-katsi ai nbung katsi ai lam hte shaning shagu na katsi ai lam hpe madung tawn nna galaw ai.
Lahta e, masat da ai lamu ga n-gun bungli galaw ai masa hta, pru wa ai nbung katsi ai lam hte single-well power hpe gara hku jep joi ai lam hpe madun na matu, lawu na malai PERT II mabyin hpe tang madun da ai.
| Parameter | 2500 m hka htung sung ai shara kaw PERT II galaw lu ai atsam |
|---|---|
| Laika shawk shawn lam | PERT II |
| Hka htung sung ai | 2500 m |
| Lawu -hka htung katsi ai | 85 degree |
| Hka lwi ai n-gun | 30 m³/h |
| Bungli galaw ai masa | N-gun rawng ai-mungdan masa |
| Bai nhtang wa ai-hka katsi ai | Degri 20 |
| Lawu na hka katsi ai | 41 degree |
| Hka pru ai-hka n-gun | 29.7 degri |
| Langai -hka htung n-gun | 338 kW daram |
4000–4500 m daram galu ai hka htung ni a matu 273.05 × 11.43 mm casing hpe 178 × 135 / 194 / 154 mm hte bung ai insulated channel shadawn shadang ni hpe 4000–4500 m daram hka htung ni a matu hte 3750–4500 kW grup yin ca×1024 pru ai lam ni lawm ai. 140 × 100 / 154 mm hka htung ni hpe 3100 m daram hte 1250–1500 kW daram, 219.1 × 10.16 mm hka htung langai mi hpe 140 × 100 / 154 mm hka htung ni hpe 3000 m1000 daram hta masat da ai. 177.8 × 9.19 mm n-gun rawng ai hka htung ni hpe 2500–3000 m daram hte 750–1000 kW daram n-gun rawng ai 114 × 81 / 127 mm n-gun rawng ai n-gun rawng ai hka htung ni hpe 89 × 81 /000 daram n-gun rawng ai 139.7 × 7.72 mm n-gun rawng ai hka htung ni hpe 89 × 622 /000 daram n-gun rawng ai hku galaw da ai. hka htung ni hte 400–600 kW daram nga ai.
Project hpe loi ai hku shingdaw lu na matu, lamu ga npu na n-gun lam hpe H2000, H3000 hte H4000 series hku nna matut nna garan ginhka da ai. Tatut hta, ndai ni gaw, grau grau sung ai hte grau tsaw ai-pru ai lamu ga n-gun hparan ladat ni hpe madi madun ai, mari ai ni hpe hka htung sung ai hte katsi ai-shaw la ai yaw shada lam hpe hkrak ai insulation-pipe lam hte maren hkrak hkra karum ya ai.
Hkrang shapraw ai lam hpe hkrak shingdaw ai gaw, PERT II hte shingdaw yang, insulation-pipe lam gaw gara kaw manu jat ai hpe asan sha chye na hkra karum ya ai. PERT II a nbung n-gun gaw 0.42 W/(m·K daram) rai nna, Octal n-gun n-gun n-gun 0.02 W/(m·K) hta n-pu nga ai.℃npu na hka htung-katsi ai hpe shingdaw yu yang, katsi -shaw la lu ai atsam gaw PERT II a matu 375 kW daram rai nna, Octal insulation pipe a matu 650 kW daram rai nna, 275 kW daram jat wa ai, shing nrai, 73% daram jat wa ai. Kaga shingdaw ai lam langai hta, 2500 m hka htung langai a matu, hka htung kata na 60℃daram-hka htung katsi ai, 30 m3/h hka lwi ai hte 20℃hka bai wa ai-hka masa hpe shingdaw yu yang, PERT II gaw 26℃daram pru ai katsi ai hte 210 kW daram hka htung langai hta, hka htung langai hta, 210 kW daram n-gun rawng ai. 33℃hte 453 kW, langai -hka htung n-gun-shaw ai atsam hpe 243 kW daram, shing nrai 116% daram jat wa shangun ai.
Lawu na shingdaw ai table hta, chyam dinglik ai lam langai sha a npawt nhpang hte PERT II hte Octal insulation pipe lapran na bungli galaw ai lam shai hkat ai lam hpe kadun dawk tsun da ai.
| Mabyin masa / shadawn shadang | PERT II | Octal n-gun shayawm ai pipe | Rawt jat wa ai lam |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hka htung sung ai (m) | 2500 | 2500 | Chyam dinglik ai npawt nhpang langai sha |
| Lawu-hka htung katsi ai (℃) | 60 | 60 | Chyam dinglik ai npawt nhpang langai sha |
| Hka lwi ai n-gun (m3/h) | ≈ 30 | ≈ 30 | Chyam dinglik ai npawt nhpang langai sha |
| Bai nhtang wa ai-hka katsi ai (℃) | 20 | 20 | Chyam dinglik ai npawt nhpang langai sha |
| N-gun n-gun [W/(m·K)] | 0.42 | < 0.02 | Katsi ai hpe shalai ya lu ai atsam yawm mat ai |
| Hka pru ai shara -hka katsi ai (℃) | 26 | 33 | +7 janmau |
| Hka htung langai a n-gun (kW) | ≈ 210 | ≈ 453 | +243 kW / 116% daram |
4. Design galaw da ai service prat hte galu kaba ai lam ni hpe lata la mai ai
Octal n-gun n rawng ai hka htung hpe 2010 ning hta galaw shapraw ai re.Range 2 hte Range 3 galu aihka, hka htung-injection (sh) lamu ga npu na n-gun rawng ai daw jau ai lam ni hpe galu kaba ai-ten galu sung ai-hkum hkrang hte maren hkrang shapraw ai prat hte. Vacuum a hkam kaja lam, insulation a atsam hte weld ni yawng gaw shaning law law na nbung laru hpe hkam jan lu na matu atsam rawng ai majaw, design model hta nang mu lu ai k-value gaw, hkai sun hta nang myit mada mai ai k-value rai nga ai.
Arung arai, tsang hte matut mahkai lam ni
Octal n-gun n rawng ai hka htung hpe chye da ai API 5CT hka htung grade ni hta gawgap da ai:
- N80, L80-1, L80-1Cr, L80-3Cr, L80-9Cr
- HPHT hka htung ni a matu Q125, S135 hte kaga n-gun ja ai -madang ni
- Standard matut mahkai lam gaw .API BTC, anhte mung jaw mai ai:
- gas-n-gun ja ai laksan matut mahkai lam ni (ga shadawn, magri-to-hpyen premium n-gang ni gaw, n-gun ja ai-hpang jahtum na gas-hka htung hka htung hte bung ai).
- n-gun rawng ai n-gun rawng ai n-gun rawng ai liners ni a matu integral hte semi-flush lata la mai ai.
- n-gun rawng ai pup joint ni, crossover ni hte arung arai ni hpe htuk manu hkra galaw ai.
Lachyum gaw, thermal akyu ni hpe lu la ai.n-gun n rawng ai hka htung, raitim, na a rig crew gaw, chye da ai OCTG hparan ladat ni hte naw galaw nga ai.
Representative matut mahkai lam-madang na jahpan gaw RFQ hpe n jahtum shi yang, mari ai ni hpe ra sharawng ai arung arai ni hpe jep yu na matu karum ya lu ai. Kalang lang n-gun n rawng ai-pipe hkrang ni hta lawm ai:
· 140 × 100- 5-1/2" BTC, matut mahkai OD hte seng nna154 mm, unit n-gun daram31 kg/m, laika buk galu ai 1 daram1429 cm, shinggan-pipe hpanN80 139.7 × 6, shinggan-pipe n-gun n-gun 1 daramMPa hta grau kaba ai (sh) maren sha re., kata na-pipe hpanN80 108 × 4, kata na-pipe a n-gun atsam hte seng nna Grau kaba ai (sh) maren sha re.36 MPa, 100℃duty hta katsi ai hpe shalai ya lu ai atsamλ < 0.02 W/(m·K)
· 189 × 62 - 3-1/2" NU, matut mahkai OD hte seng nna108 mm, unit n-gun daram15.2 kg/m, laika buk galu ai 1 daram39 ft, shinggan na hka htungN80 89 × 4,shinggan-pipe a n-gun atsam gaw25.8 MPa hta grau kaba ai (sh) maren sha re., kata na hka htungJ55 70 × 4, kata na-pipe n-gun n-gun 1 daramMPa hta grau kaba ai (sh) maren sha re., 100℃duty hta katsi ai hpe shalai ya lu ai atsamλ < 0.02 W/(m·K)
· 1219 × 182- 8-5/8" SC, matut mahkai OD hte seng nna233 mm, unit n-gun daram65.7 kg/m, laika buk galu ai 1 daramPe 70,shinggan na pipe 20# 219 × 7, shinggan-pipe n-gun n-gun 1 daramMPa hta grau kaba ai (sh) maren sha re., kata na hka htung20# 196 × 6, kata na-pipe n-gun n-gun 1 daramMPa hta grau kaba ai (sh) maren sha re., 100℃duty hta katsi ai hpe shalai ya lu ai atsamλ < 0.02 W/(m·K)
· 1114 × 81 - 4-1/2" BTC, matut mahkai OD hte seng nna127 mm,unit n-gun daram22.6 kg/m,reference galu kaba ai lam96 ft, shinggan na hka htungN80 114 × 5,shinggan-pipe a n-gun atsam gaw24.3 MPa hta grau kaba ai (sh) maren sha re., kata na hka htungN80 89 × 4, kata na-pipe n-gun n-gun 1 daramMPa hta grau kaba ai (sh) maren sha re., 100℃duty hta katsi ai hpe shalai ya lu ai atsamλ < 0.02 W/(m·K)
Ndai lam ni gaw ahkyak ai, hpa majaw nga yang, insulated-pipe mari ai lam hpe thermal performance hku nna dawdan ai lam n law ai. Connection amyu hte coupling OD gaw hka hkawm ai lam hpe hkra machyi shangun ai, nga taw sai hka htung hkrang hte htuk manu ai lam hte hka htung hpe jung ai lam a tatut galaw mai ai lam ni hpe hkra machyi shangun ai. Ndai model-level details ni hpe laika man hta jat bang ai gaw, engineering hpe bai maram yu ai hte mari ai lam hpe shingdaw ai lam lahkawng yan a matu bawngban ai lam hpe grau akyu rawng shangun ai.
Hpaga lam hte Quality hpe kam hpa ai lam
Anhte a insulated tubing galaw ai lam gaw, vacuum annulus a kam hpa mai ai lam hte, jak rung bungli galaw ai lam hpe madung tawn nna galaw da ai:
- N-gun n rawng ai pipe hpe hkyen lajang ai– shinggan hte kata na hka htung ni hpe n-gun ja ai-htu n-gun n rawng ai pipe kaw na galaw shapraw nna, galu hkra gang je kau nna, n-gun ja ai-htu nna 100 % NDT- hpe jep yu ai. Ntsa lam ni hpe shot-blast galaw nna kaja ai hku matut mahkai nna san seng hkra galaw ai.
- Insulation hpawng chyawm ai– kata na pipe hpe lata la ai thermal grade hte maren perlite / glass wool, reflective foil hte spacers ni hte shinggrup (sh) shinggrup da nna, shinggan na pipe kata de bang dat ai.
- -hpang de gang je kau ai hte shinggrup ai– hkang zing da ai pre-stretch hpe kata na hka htung de bang nna, dai hpang lahkawng maga de weld galaw nna annulus hpe pat kau ai shaloi alignment hpe n-gun jaw ai.
- Vacuum galaw ai– annulus hpe masat da ai vacuum madang de htawt sit kau ai; getters ni hpe string a prat tup n-gun n law hkra galaw na matu galaw ai.
- Leak hte vacuum n-gun hpe chyam yu ai– weld hte vacuum port ni hpe chyam yu nna (NDT hte leak chyam yu ai) annulus n-gun n-gun hpe jep yu ai.
- Kahtet lu ai atsam hpe chyam yu ai– batch shagu na sample joint ni hpe λ chyam dinglik ai lam galaw nna, insulation grade hpe jep yu ai.
- Threading hte ngut kre ai– matut mahkai lam ni hpe jak hte galaw nna, API 5B (sh) premium sumla ni hku nna shadawn ai, n-gang ni hpe phosphate hte makawp maga da ai, matut mahkai lam ni hpe htaw sa na matu masat da nna shinggyin tawn da ai.
8.Chyam dinglik ai lam ni a hkum tsup ai– jak rung, NDT, n-gun n rawng ai, nbung n-gun hte n-gang jep joi ai lam – hpe .n-gun nambat hte joint nambat, hte bungli masing hpe myit hkrum na matu EN 10204 3.1 / 3.2 packages ni hta ka da ai.
Hpaga lam hpe grau nna asan sha tsun dan mai ai gaw, pipe-end hpe hkyen lajang nna myit npyaw shangun ai, katsi ai hku galaw ai, jep joi ai lam, masat da ai-galu ai hpe gang je kau ai hte kata/shinggan ntsa hpe jasan jaseng ai; aluminum foil hte n-gun n rawng ai arung arai ni hpe shinggrup da ai; shinggan hte kata na hka htung ni hpe shinggyin ai; pre-hpang de gang je kau ai hte shinggrup ai; hka lim ai hpe jep yu ai hte X-ray jep yu ai hte vacuum hpe shaw la ai; annulus-n-gun n rawng ai shara hpe n-gun n rawng hkra galaw ai; thermal-hpyen n-gun hpe chyam dinglik ai; hte hpang jahtum na bungli ni rai nga ai threading, hydrotest hte maigan de dut shabra ai packing zawn re ai ni hpe galaw ai. Ndai extra process hpe tsun dan ai lam gaw, mari ai ni hpe raw tube kaw nna ngut sai insulated joint du hkra grau dan dawng ai hkap la lam hpe jaw ya ai majaw, jat bang na matu manu dan nga ai.
Procurement a ningmu hku yu yang, hpaga lam hte seng nna, dai arung arai gaw n-gun n law ai hku nna hpang wa ai kun ngu ai sha n-ga, annulus hpe pat da ai hku naw nga nga ai kun, thermal cycling galaw ngut ai hpang weld shara gaw ngang grin nga ai kun, ngut sai joint ni hpe bai nhtang galaw mai ai threading hte traceable record hte shapraw lu na kun ngu ai lam ni hpe tsun mayu ai. Ndai lam a majaw QA daw gaw thermal test, vacuum integrity, NDT, matut mahkai lam jep joi ai lam hte laika ni hpe garan nna tsun ai hku n galaw ai sha, rau sha matut mahkai nga ra ai.
Anhte a arai gaw kaga "Insulated Tubing" ni hte gara hku shai ai hpe online kaw mu lu na re
a matu tam ai mahtai law lawn-gun n rawng ai hka htungteng sha nga yang, ntsa lam na arung arai ni hpe tsun mayu ai.n-gun n rawng ai PEX hka htungginwang-katsi ai loop ni a matu,n-gun n rawng ai magri hka htungHVAC a matu,n-gun n rawng ai katsi shayawm ai hka htungwan n-gun n-gang ni a matu, shing nrai, branded arai ni zawn re aiDekron n-gun n rawng ai hka htungindustrial jak ni hta lang ai. Ndai arung arai ni gaw shanhte a sun hta akyu rawng ai raitim, shanhte gaw .350–400℃magam bungli, hkrat sum ai lit kaba (sh) API 5CT ra ai lam ni a matu n galaw da ai.
Octal gaw kaga hpan langai hpe jaw ya ai:Sau, wan sau hte lamu ga npu na hka htung ni a matu n-gang n-gun n rawng ai hka htung. Anhte a arai:
- plastic (sh) magri hpe n lang ai sha API 5CT-grade n-gang n-gang ni hpe lang ai.
- gaw nbung hpe htaw sa na matu engineer galaw da nna, sung ai shara hta n-gun kaba ai npu hta ntsin ni hpe shapraw ai.
- OCTG casing strings, hka htung baw arung arai ni hte npu-hka htung arung arai ni hte hpawng de da ai.
- hte vacuum hte thermal chyam dinglik ai lam ni a ntsa e, galaw shapraw ai tubing zawn OCTG chyam dinglik ai madang langai sha hku lai wa ai.
Dai majaw na a project ra ai rai yang .n-gun n rawng ai PEX hka htungshing nrain-gun n rawng ai magri hka htungnpu na line ni a matu, dai ni gaw garan ginhka ai arung arai ni rai nga ai; hka htung kata kaw nan hkrung nga lu ai insulated steel tubing ra ai shaloi,Octal vacuum n-gun n rawng ai hka htunggaw htap htuk ai hparan ladat re.
Octal gaw kaga hpan langai mi hpe jaw ya ai: sau, wan sau, lamu ga npu na n-gun hte hka lum ai-hka htung ni a matu steel vacuum insulated tubing hte insulation pipe ni hpe jaw ya ai. Ndai arung arai hpe plastic (sh) magri n re ai sha, n-gang tubulars ni hta galaw da ai rai nna, hka htung masa hta hka htung (sh) hka lum ai ntsin hpe htaw sa na matu galaw da ai rai nna, OCTG string ni hte hka htung kata na arung arai ni hte hpawng de da ai rai nna, jak, hka htung, hka htung hte matut mahkai ai lam- hte seng ai quality control hku nna lai wa ai.
Bai nna garan ginhka ai lam langai gaw, ndai product family hpe sau hka htung ni a matu steam-injection tubing ngu nna sha n mai chye na ai. Dai hta, lamu ga npu na nbung hpe katsi shangun ai, lamu ga npu na n-gun shapraw ai hte katsi ai-hka htung ni a matu insulation-pipe lam hpe mung lawm ai, dai hta manu hpe pru wa ai nbung katsi ai lam grau tsaw ai, katsi ai hpe grau kaja hkra makawp maga lu ai hte n-gun ja ai single-hka htung katsi ai-shaw la ai atsam hte shadawn ai.
FAQ
FAQ 1 – Galoi aten hta, n-gun rawng ai hka htung hpe n lang ai sha, insulated hka htung hpe lang ra na kun?
FAQ 2 – Insulated tubing a matu gara size hte grade ni nga ai kun?
FAQ 3 – Octal insulated tubing gaw gara nbung laru hte k-manu ni hpe hkam sharang lu na kun?
Masat masa ni
CE masat laika
ISO 9001 masat laika
API Q1 masat laika
ABS masat laika
AP-5L masat laika
API-5CT masat laika
Magam bungli amyu:hka htung n-gun (CSS / SAGD), sau law law hpe shapraw ai, sung ai-hka, lamu ga n-gun, n-gun n rawng ai hka htung ni
Hkrang:n-gun n rawng ai n-gang n-gang pipe, n-gun law law rawng ai shingnip hte n-gun rawng ai annulus
Size range (shinggan × kata):
73 × 40 mm (2-7/8" × 1.9")
89 × 50 mm (3-1/2" × 2-3/8")
114 × 76 mm (4-1/2" × 3-1/2")
140 × 101 mm (5-1/2" × 4-1/2")
178 × 124 mm (7" × 5-1/2")
Shadawn shadang:(R2) hte 3 (R3) hta, n-gun n rawng ai pup joint ni nga ai
Steel grade ni:N80, L80-1 / 1Cr / 3Cr / 9Cr, Q125, S135 hte kaga API 5CT masat masa ni
Matut mahkai lam ni:API BTC hpe madang hku nna, lata la mai ai gas-n-gun ja ai manu dan ai matut mahkai lam ni
Katsi ai madang ni (k-manu):n-gun law law hpe n-gun jaw ai madang ni, k gaw n-gun hta hkan nna . 0.002–0.006 W/(m·℃) daram de hkrat wa ai.
Max. bungli galaw ai nbung katsi ai:Degree 400 daram du hkra (hpyi shawn ai-madung ai)
Hot Tags: Vacuum Vacuum Insulated Tubing, Miwa Vacuum Vacuum Insulated Tubing galaw shapraw ai ni, dut ya ai ni, galaw shapraw ai ni
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